Avoiding Stereotypes in Writing

Avoiding Stereotypes in Writing Avoiding Stereotypes in Writing Avoiding Stereotypes in Writing By Catherine Osborn It is easy to fall into the trap of using language that can be construed as racist or sexist. Here are a few tips to stay away from this type of writing. Avoid sexist language. When you know your audience varies, stay away from words that are gender specific. Use â€Å"their† instead of â€Å"his† or â€Å"anyone† instead of â€Å"a man†. You’d be surprised how many people take these sorts of things the wrong way. Avoid ethnic and racial stereotypes. You can be accurate without being biased. For example, it could be considered impolite to say Oriental; you should say Asian or better yet, the specific country such as Japanese, Korean, etc†¦. Be careful not to let religious stereotypes creep into your writing. Such as referring to a banker as Jewish, of course. This is too biased. Biases against age and sexual orientation are also frowned upon. In all these cases, it is best to well, use your best judgment. Avoid political bias and stereotypes in case you want your audienceTo read your content under a neutral point of view. This is especially important in business writing contexts. Research your facts and dont include statements you believe to be true just because the majority of people also believe so. Remember that people in different regions or countries might have a different understanding regarding what is considered sexiest or racist. When in doubt, scratch that. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Regarding Re:8 Proofreading Tips And TechniquesHow Verbs Become Adjectives

Agoraphobia Disorder or Panic Attack Essay

Agoraphobia Disorder or Panic Attack Essay Agoraphobia Disorder Essay Example Agoraphobia Disorder Essay Example Agoraphobia is a disease that is closely connected with the Panic Disorder. People with such disease are afraid to go into places or events where they have experienced panic or stress attack and anticipate it to happen again. Usually, a person who suffers from agoraphobia avoids visiting public places because he/she feels a need to escape or expects to be physically offended. Shopping centers, public transport and sports areas are the taboo places, which sick people refuse to visit. This paper discusses the clinical evolutionary learning of agoraphobia, its relation to PD and PA and causes of AG development. This paper explores six historical and social background publications that report on results from explorations conducted on different indications and classifications of agoraphobia disorder. However, the paper varies in DSM characteristics and AG relation to PA and PD neurosis. Wittchen et al. (2010) mentioned that only 23,5% of people suffering from PA developed agoraphobia and 50% developed PD. Despite various attempts to specify the features of agoraphobia, the assumptions still exclude each other. This paper discusses the clinical evolutional learning of agoraphobia, its relation to PD and PA and the contextual influences on AG development. Agoraphobia in Revision of the DSM and ICD The mid-80s were distinct by performed striking differences, such as self-rating tools, unstructured system and diagnostic without symptomatic focus. Panic attacks were directly associated with various disorders (substance and mood disorders, anxiety are actually not key identifications of agoraphobia or panic disorder). In addition, here is no large risk for PD or PA to be a result of agoraphobia disorder. According to DSM-IV-TR, only 2,4% of sick people developed PD and 11,6% developed PA. (Wittchen et al., 2010, p. 118). A number of issues caused medical interest towards fears and phobias, including agoraphobia. First, it is connected with the high percentage of agoraphobia disorder among others forms of phobias. Second, the structural composition of the phobias is not constant. It is noticeable along with the affective, sensory, vegetative and dietary components. Third, agoraphobia is a disease that hardly passes without any treatment. The disease is more inclined to progression and needs a long-term treatment. The first time agoraphobia was mentioned in 1871 (Westphal’s classical description) as a paradigm for nervous disorders. Until the introduction of DSM-III-R, AG was identified in the medical literature as a regular phobia or neurosis. In 1970s agoraphobia was codified as a distinctive syndrome of multiple fears (ICD-9) and it retains the same codification today (ICD-10). In the USA, the agoraphobia within DSM system was considered a result of subdividing phobic nervous and anxiety disorder (DSM-III). The DSM-III has such symptoms as fear of being alone, avoidance of public places or panic attack when being there (especially under assumption of unavailable help in case of sudden incapacitations). In fact, the DSM definition is not very different from other learned disorders and the ICD explanation of agoraphobia, which is one of the disadvantages of the system. In 1980, agoraphobia was rather considered a form of panic attack (PA) than a special form of phobia. It was explained by temporary panic attacks on the initial phase of agoraphobia development and diagnostics omissions. The person developed an increased anticipatory fear of having panic attack and, therefore, in different ways tried to escape or avoid the indicators that cause them. The diagnosis of AG without panic attacks was made when the history of panic attacks was lost. Beginning from DSM-III-R, AG was described as a typical response to cases when PA had occurred. In addition, the AG in DSM-III-R was seen exclusively as a secondary complication and it was attached to panic attacks and panic disorders as an opposition to popular clinical and experimental achievements. According to Wittchen et al., â€Å"with consecutive DSM revision, the residual status of AG within the construct of PA and PD has been increasingly more pronounced† (2010, p. 115). DSM-IV-TR recognizes agoraphobia as impossible to code disorder. Alternatively, the panic disorder with agoraphobia or agoraphobia without the history of PD was provided within code disorders of agoraphobia similarity. The DSM-IV-TR is represented by complex differential diagnostic description with important considerations. It restricts the disease to people, who have AG related to fear of PD symptoms (e.g. diarrhea or dizziness). Thus, the specific diagnosis prescription was based on the definition o f two syndromes, including panic attacks (a complex of mental disorders) and agoraphobia (as a part of panic disorder or AG without the history of PD). Additionally, the discrepancy between DSM and ICD increased. The ICD-9 and ICD-10 retained agoraphobia as a separate disorder, not a form of PA or PD. The DSM-IV-TR defines agoraphobia in a different way than it was done before. In classical variations, the diagnosis was tied to PA or PD concepts. The DSM-IV-TR defined panic attack as a symptom. According to Barlow, â€Å"this conceptual development was based mainly on the observation in some studies, which use DSM-III-R criteria, AG patients without PA or extremely panic-rare features† (Barlow, 2002, p. 30). Thus, the assessment instruments and diagnostic criteria suspect the opinion that agoraphobia cannot be diagnosed without the context of panic-like symptoms or primary panic attacks. The implicit hierarchical DSM-IV made impossible to create systematic scheme as a productive solution, since the different diagnostic interviews and two discrepant medical criteria regress the treatment. It is important to mention that both panic attacks and PD are comorbid with agoraphobia. Some AG patients may develop their disease under the influence of panic-like symptoms and PA. On the other hand, the agoraphobia is an independent disease, the PA and PD are causally linked to agoraphobia and the clinical utility diagnoses AG as a separate disease. In addition, the researches on how to specify the explicit criteria to agoraphobia continue. One of the treatment disadvantages is that there is an undefined solution of how to diagnose patients whose DSM-IV-TR required symptoms of PD or PA were not noticed. There is a discussion whether in such cases it is better to diagnose NOS (anxiety disorder) or a DSM phobia. The general definition of the agoraphobia needs more specific characterization â€Å"and cues beyond the occurrence or fear of panic-like symptoms† like phobias (Wittchen et al., 2010, p. 115). A mistaken omission makes it impossible to specify mandatory criteria. For instance, when a person recognizes that his fear is unreasonable, excessive and notices the exposure cases and impairment symptoms. A characteristic cluster must be defined when the agoraphobia syndrome covers two to four prototypical situations (as stipulated in the ICD-10 demand). DSM-IV-TR has no such characteristic that is why the DSM studies define the diagnosis without constant compulsory symptoms (Social or Specific Phobia). Overall, the DSM-III modified the diagnostic qualification of the agoraphobia. It was critically reexamined as overinclusive, since it did not restrict agoraphobia to obvious avoidance behavior. In DSM-III-R, agoraphobia was diagnosed, when a person experienced anxiety about having panic attacks, and avoided to be alone or in distress. Nevertheless, this idea can be neglected, because a person can travel alone despite the need of having somebody near. In addition, the classification of AG levels was omitted, including none, mild, moderate, severe. DSM-IV â€Å"is no longer the case with situational avoidance of equal footing with distress and use of companions† in establishment of the dichotomous diagnosis of agoraphobia (whether it is present or absent) (APA, 2000, p. 18). Schmidt and Cromer (2008, p. 161) criticized it, because the reduction of the agoraphobia specification from 4-point scale to present/absent dichotomous means that the last one is superior and has better organized assessment of phobias. As a result, the clinical utility and predictive value decreased. Thus, both opinions left the issue unresolved. One of the advantages is that now there are few options outline the key positions on agoraphobia in DSM-V. First, agoraphobia must be excluded as a classification diagnosis and become an additional part of PD. Second, AG must be recognized as a specific phobia. Then, the existing diagnostic categories must retain panic disorder without agoraphobia, panic disorder with agoraphobia, and agoraphobia without the history of PD. Finally, there must be more explicit diagnostic criterion for agoraphobia as a separate category. Clinical Evidence Since 1980s, the global medical explorations concentrated on the modified examination of panic disorder, panic attack and agoraphobia across the world. The criteria were chosen by the models of DSM-III, III-R and DSM-IV. The result demonstrated a spontaneous tendency that rates of agoraphobia without PD are higher than the ones with panic disorder. This factor includes both children and adults. In addition, it was found out that more than a half of the people who suffer from agoraphobia have no panic attacks. The studies had various amount of criteria, which caused assessment and methodological variations, but did not provide a definition of the true differences (like space and cultural influences). Thus, the studies of 1980’s (Diagnostic Interview Schedule – DIS, when even one AG case defined the diagnosis, were changed by the CIDI (Composite International Diagnostic Interview) were influential on the understanding of the agoraphobia. CIDI requires more than the case f or DSM-IV-R criteria, which caused the AG decrease by half and revealed less cases of panic disorder with agoraphobia. The USA studies demonstrate moderation of clinical settings, which has positive progressive impact on further treatment. The clinical practice rarely meets the cases of agoraphobia without the history of PD. C. Faravelli defined eight clinical studies, â€Å"seven with low sample sizes, citing four studies with not a single case of AG without panic and four studies reporting 2-31% of PA among AG patients† (Wittchen et al., 2010, p. 117). PA, PD and AG Temporal Relationship Some studies attempted to define whether agoraphobia has constant relation to spontaneous panic attacks or panic-like symptoms. The clinical and epidemiological experiments and observations demonstrated no evidence for this assumption. The major amount of agoraphobics never experienced panic-like symptoms, PD or any other type of neurotic diseases that preceded the onset of AG. Furthermore, clinical retrospective studies used sensory methods to find prior clinical symptomatology. As a result, before the first panic attack more than a half of patients with agoraphobia had prodromal symptoms such as general anxiety and hypochondriasis. In addition, the research found considerable degree of discrepancy that failed. Nevertheless, it was observed that in up to 50% of all suffering from the AG, PA precedes agoraphobia, â€Å"providing some support for the assumed aetiopathogenic pathway implied in DSM-IV-R† (Wittchen et al., 2010, p. 118). In fact, the concept of panic-agoraphobia spectrum was not taken into consideration with further assuming of reciprocal connection (this aspect is not supported by epidemiological evidence). In advance, the prospective clinic investigations rarely can succeed. One of them described systematical symptoms of agoraphobia, panic disorder and panic attacks. Critical Methodology The evidence that panic-like symptoms and panic attacks frequently play an important pathogenic role in agoraphobia progression was not supported by epidemiological studies. The new methodological grounds proved that the diagnostic interviews were not valid. The experts suppose that those diagnostic tools that are based on background observations that agoraphobia without panic attack and panic disorder is rarely a priori in clinical samples are not able to assess panic issues with sufficient accuracy. Since 1900, a few publications partly neglected CIDI criteria. The main idea of the new algorithmic is requirement of minimum two reported situations before AG diagnosis prescription. A smaller amount of such cases is classified as phobia NOS. As a result of such modification, the general rates of agoraphobia, panic arracks and panic disorders were substantially reduced. Despite such methodological appraisals are considerably sophisticated, some researchers believe that there are omissions in this conception. Age, Gender and Socio-Demographic Issues There is no systematized and generalized description of age and gender difference between agoraphobia and panic disorder. There are few differences between such characteristics of PD and PA with and without agoraphobia. Female preponderance within AG without panic attacks was higher than for panic disorder (American Psychiatric Association, n. d.). The retrospective cross-sectional studies made a conclusion that two thirds of all panic disorder cases appear before 35 years old. There is a rare substantial incidence risk in childhood and adolescence. There are differences between PD with agoraphobia and AG without panic attacks, but there is no notable difference between agoraphobia and panic disorder under the age and gender context. It was noticed, that people who suffer from agoraphobia without panic disorder and PD/AG in most cases have no jobs or they are disable. This conclusion allows assuming that agoraphobia is more widely spread in developed countries with busy and stressful life styles. Thus, a powerful impact of stress a person can experience due to some situations has a very strong influence on nervous system with harsh consequences. Genetic and Familiar Factors The anxiety neurosis and panic disorders are different and, thus, the genetic factors cannot be always an indicator of the possible disease within defined family. Nevertheless, the parental history of agoraphobia and panic disorders can take the core role in further development of panic symptoms in the next generations. Moreover, it can cause development of other diseases or disorders that can be harder to treat due to the factors mentioned above. During the last few decades of medical investigations, it was notified that the higher risk of blood relatives to become AG patients is not confined to agoraphobia. There is a gap in differential algorithm of familial aggregation of agoraphobia and PA/PD. Additionally, the risk for panic disorder might be higher than for agoraphobia. Moreover, agoraphobia and liability of panic attacks cannot be suggested to be on one AG-panic continuum, since agoraphobia is not closely associated with PD aggregation. In more simple way, without any symptoms of PD, agoraphobia cannot be revealed. On the other hand, any parental panic disorder or hard agoraphobia increases the risk to develop anxiety symptoms in offspring. Wittchen et al. (2010) estimated heritability in 61% for agoraphobia and 43-48% for panic disorder (p. 121). The female disorders are more frequent due to possible physiological and hormonal peculiarity, which causes higher heritability. AG Treatment Few studies examined possible opportunities for optimized and effective treatment of all three conditions. The adequate treatment is a financial topic for discussion, because only 42, 1% of agoraphobia diagnosed without PD and 41, 2% of suffering from PD gets enough help. In addition, there are obvious differences between AG without PD patients and PD group, who are not supported by the governmental health care system and psychiatric treatment. Moreover, the panic disorders are more frequent than agoraphobia, which also influences patients to seek for different professionals, since each disease has different complications and characteristics. Furthermore, the situation depends on type and methods of the health care system. For example, the USA and Germany created a structure in a way that the psychotherapists care about AG without PA treatment, whereas PD is a specialization of psychiatrists. Panic disorder and panic attack rarely exist in pure forms. Both are closely associated with other common or somehow related diseases, such as mood, substance and somatoform disorders. In the context of possible transitions from one disorder to another, it was noticed that PAs are strongly connected with psychopathology, but not necessarily characteristic to PD, agoraphobia or other neurotic disorders. Moreover, some commonwealths were found to use substances for psychotic and anxiety disorders. In opposition, agoraphobia is rather connected with the depression and highest probability of anxiety neurosis. Thus, with regard to the issues within PD without AG, AG and PD, the epidemiological studies demonstrate the conclusion that agoraphobia (without panic attacks) and panic-like disorders reveal common disability findings. The most impairing and frequent conditions are PD/AG. There is little evidence of specific differences between agoraphobia without PD and PA. The special observations demonstrated that agoraphobia rather belongs to phobias category, and PA and PD are comorbid disorders. Previously, the treatment was general: there were typical clinical courses of establishments of the space limited type for those who were not able to get better. Sometimes such people were considered as the ones mentally sick who only pretend of being scared. In contrast, the clinical agoraphobia treatment is considered as persistent (SSRI, Benzodiazepines). The clinical agoraphobia treatment is considered as persistent. First, the treatment includes antidepressants (both short and long-term usage). Another important issue is connected with the treatment controversy, because some meta-analysis is biased to CBT alone rather than to pharmacotherapy. The domestic treatment of agoraphobia can be also used to treat PD with AG. In some medical traditions, it was found that pharmacological placebo is significantly more effective than relaxation or alprazolam. The exposure treatment of agoraphobia causes subsequent escape from panic and amelioration. Thus, the pharmacological tools are lacki ng in panic or AG neurosis treatment. Alternatively, it can be reduced by psychotherapeutic cognitive approaches. Agoraphobia developed among many famous people. For example, Horace Leonard Gold (a science fiction writer and editor) had a harsh form. After his wartime trauma, his disease did not allow him to leave an apartment for two decades. Only after hard non-traditional treatment he succeeded. Another person Brian Wilson (singer) also had AG and schizophrenia, but his treatment did not give any result. Those examples demonstrate that this disease can attack anybody and there is no guarantee it will be treated. Axis Issues The Axis model includes five parts that in complex provide a comprehensive diagnosis with full description of the symptoms and factors that affect mental condition. The Axis I describes general depressive/nervous disorder (major characteristics and observation). The Axis II is dedicated to identifying the frequency of disorder attacks. The third Axis describes physical problems that may be related to mental disorders and worsen the condition of the patient (panic, trauma or physical violation). The Axis IV is connected with any kind of threats and dangers (for example, a job loss). The Axis V estimates an ability to function in every fay life (occupational, social and psychological accommodation). Speaking about the multiaxial distinction of Axis I-III, there is no big difference in conceptualization. Physical or biological factors are not related to phobias or neurotic disorders. In addition, medical condition does not directly depend on physical peculiarities. Sometimes they can be controversial, a high-rated diagnosis result of the body functioning does not guarantee impossibility of mental disorder development. Practically, it can be observed in the information provided by the American Psychiatric Association. This establishment monitors the facts, treatment process and results of the AG diagnosis and treatment programs. An important issue is that the conception represents various groups of people whose disorder progressed (by age, gender, surrounding, occupation). For example, one of the hardest forms of agoraphobia was developed in Rita Clark’s social escape. The treatment included complex Axis diagnostics and after 20 years of panic and fear, a woman returned to normal life (American Psychiatric Association, n. d., n. p.). Agoraphobia is an independent form of phobia, characterized by frequent panic attacks, when a person appears in an uncomfortable surrounding. The DSM conceptions tried to conduct a constant algorithm of the symptoms and consequences of agoraphobia disorder. The studying process caused various discussions about the psychological relation of AG to PA or PD. Meanwhile, five phases of Axis were formulated, which allowed providing full diagnosis of the patient simultaneously. The treatment analysis demonstrated that the treatment must include both medical and psychological methods.

U.S. Immigration Sources Annotated Bibliography

U.S. Immigration Sources - Annotated Bibliography Example Some of the reasons cited as the negative effects of immigration include being a threat to American culture and traditions. However, overall, approximately 75% of Americans are favoring the opinion of giving the illegal immigrants an opportunity for the legal status and a path to citizenship. The overall progress that has been made by the president includes a proposal for the illegal immigrants to wait at least thirteen years before they could get the chance to apply to become citizens. This source is credible since it presents all sides of the controversial immigration issue before deducing any conclusions. The main political parties’ take has been evaluated and the potential effect that the issue may have on the outcome of those parties. The overall progress that has been made by the president is also evaluated to ensure that information from all concerned parties is available. Furthermore, the public’s view on this issue has not been ignored in the case because American’s views make a significant impact on the outcome of most issues. Personally, I would deduce that the larger portion of Americans is favoring the move to give illegal immigrants a legal status. Although this might affect the traditions as cited by some concerned Americans mostly due to intermarriages, U.S is a free country that gives individuals the freedom of choosing where they would want to belong. Additionally, if the illegal immigrants were granted the opportunity to become citizens, then issues regarding deportations on minor crimes would cease and create a better environment for the immigrants. The American health system is under crisis and the cause of the problem is being projected on to the immigrants. This is because the author indicates that both legal and illegal immigrants account for approximately one billion dollars annually in the form of unreimbursed medical expenses. Additionally, an

Paper on The Blue Hotel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Paper on The Blue Hotel - Essay Example In this story by Stephen Crane the theme of conflicts scores over other themes. The conflicts relate to Swede and societal reaction to his self-destructive individuality. The detailing of the theme reveals how Crane challenged such situations. Let’s take the example of Swede’s disposition to life. He strongly feels that everyone in the Blue Hotel wants to kill him. His fear is unfounded and no backgrounder information is provided or logic is given for the lurking fear in his mind. This indicates that conflict is the inherent part of his personality and that is the reason for him to surmise that those in the hotel are angry with him and they want to kill him. Even if it is assumed that he is paranoid being under the influence of alcohol or drugs, why the thought of killing only should float in his mind. This indicates the basic self-destructive behavior of Swede. Next, Swede picks up a fight with Johnny. The first phase of violence doesn’t produce any tangible res ults, and his second bout of aggression after he defeats Johnny in the fight, takes him to death. In a fight this time with a gambler, Swede is stabbed to death. This is a pointer, according to Crane, the things to happen when humankind as a whole takes to self-destruction, inviting disaster that will ultimately lead to total annihilation of the human race itself. Nature will not target human race alone in isolation for destruction. Plant and animal kingdoms also will perish to a great extent. The author of any novel/story, howsoever intelligently may try to sweep under the carpet events related to his life, will reveal something about one’s own psychology and attitudes to life, through the dialogues, and actions of his characters. This is true of Stephen Crane (1871-1900). He died at the age of 28 and thus he belongs to the younger generation, which is combustible. The grinding poverty he suffered all through his adult life and his poor standard of living has something to do with his arrogant social disposition. Added to the problem, he had a poor health record, suffered from tuberculosis, and contacted malaria and failed to take proper care of himself. Not caring for one’s health is again an act of self-destruction and that attitude has to find expression is his literary works and the same has happened in this story through the character of Swede. Did he feel isolated from the society and his surroundings? It must be so as reflected in his disposition. He acted like a rebel against all the established societal norms while interacting in a group. Swede seems to have the permanent grudge against the society and it is revealed in his small and big actions, right from his induction into the plot of the story. That grudge is the root-cause of his self-destructive behaviour. The group referred to in the Blue Hotel is a miniature model of the society and Swede picks up serious quarrels with those present there on one issue or the other. He creates iss ues out of no issues. He seems to have formed certain fixed negative opinions about the society. The reasons could be his upbringing and the adverse circumstances that he had to face early on in life. Nature seems to read the dormant agitations in his mind and as he arrives at the Palace Hotel along with two others, a blizzard develops and everyone stands isolated at the hotel. In the blizzard normal vision is impaired, one cannot see the surroundings properly, and Crane has used the

Should car's price in China much Higher than US Essay

Should car's price in China much Higher than US - Essay Example It is clear that Chinese government policy has led to the skyrocketing prices of cars in China prompting unauthorized trade by small-time American entrepreneurs who export cars for profit. The Beijing car policy was intended to assist the Chinese auto-making industry make large profits but the move seems to benefit other world’s car makers such as General Motors and BMW. This practice is however against the standard industry practice as argued by Tesla who have since thrived in China with their electric cars. Regardless of the higher auto sales and output in China, the policies instituted in the industry shows that for the same car, the cost is higher in China than in U.S. there are also positive record of the number of cars that can be sold in China and US. It is reported that a high number of units of cars are sold in China compared to US despite the higher prices associated with cars in China. This is a sign of ready market in China that act as a green light to many international companies in the car industry to enter the market. Interestingly, the record number of purchase in China is not influenced by prices because car prices are averagely high. US companies tend to engage more in promotional campaigns to promote sales of their products, something that do not bother sellers in China because the market is ever ready. Recently, the Chinese government has warned companies selling their products including cars more expensively than any other market but the auto makers argue that they are entitled to set their prices differently in different markets. The companies argue that the additional cost is to make sure that the cars are sold with proper equipment and warranties for their final destination. However, the price differences between U.S and China has seen unscrupulous business people making huge profits by exporting cars

Theories of Satellite Imagery and Fractal Concepts

Theories of Satellite Imagery and Fractal Concepts Introduction Many applications based on using satellite imagery in a quantitative fashion require classification of image regions into a number of relevant categories or distinguishable classes. Classification is a means of complementing retrieval. Satellite image classification is a clustering method based on image features, the classification results are represented by visualization techniques [Ant05]. Fractal geometry provides a suitable textural image classification framework by studying the nature irregularity shapes in the image, since it allows to easily describing such fractal images. The fractal geometry can recognize small image segment that characterized by its spectral uniformity, this necessitate first to segment the image before the classification. The main characteristics of fractal images are that they are continuous but not differentiable that allows showing the fine details at any arbitrarily small scale [Iod95]. This chapter presents an introduction to the fundamentals of satellite imagery and fractal concepts: Satellite imagery includes a brief description to the satellite imagery technology that useful to understand the main characteristics of satellite images. Whereas, the fractal concepts are mentioned to explain some regards when considering the fractal geometry techniques in digital image processing. Fractal characterizations are discussed to show the fractal features may found in satellite images. Also, some interested fractal measurements are mentioned to be applied on satellite images for purpose of classification. Later, the interested techniques of image segmentation and classification are given. Satellite Imagery Satellites are greatly used in remote sensing imagery, they have several unique characteristics enable to remote sense the Earths surface [Pan96]. The satellite senses electromagnetic energy at different wavelengths reflected by objects to produce the satellite images as shown in Figure (2.1). Visible satellite images are made of satellite signals received by visible channels that senses reflected solar radiation. Visible imagery is available only during daylight since it produced by reflected sunlight. The major advantage of using the visible imagery is due to it can gives higher resolution images than other imagery bands, so smaller features can be distinguished with visible imagery. The problem faces visible imagery is that clouds are shown white, while land and water surfaces are shaded. Clouds are Earths atmosphere, which absorb and reflect incoming solar radiation and leads to hide the fine details of the Earth surface under consideration [San04]. The two primary sensor types in the satellite are the optical and radar. Optical sensors are concerned with the imaging by visible and infrared radiation. While the radar sensors use microwaves to create an image, which enable the sensor to see through clouds and in night. In addition, multi-spectral, hyper-spectral and multi-polarization sensors are operated at different bands to improve the detection of objects under the sea or ground. Table (2.1) presents characteristics of the most popular optical satellites [ERD13]. Table (1.1) The most Popular optical satellites [ERD13] Satellite Mission life Spatial resolution (m) Panchromatic Multispectral Hyperspectral IRS 1988 / 03 0.80 73.00 Landsat 7 1999 / 07 15.00 30.00 60.00 IKONOS 1999 / 09 1.00 4.00 RapidEye 1999 / 12 5.00 ASTER 1999 / 12 15.00 30.00 – 90.00 MODIS 1999 / 12 250.00 500 1000 EROS 2000 / 12 0.50 – 0.90 QuickBird 2001 / 10 0.61 2.40 SPOT 5 2002 / 02 2.50 – 5.00 10.00 OrbView-3 2003 / 09 1.00 4.00 ALOS 2006 / 06 10.00 WorldView-1 2007 / 09 0.40 GeoEye-1 2008 / 09 0.41 1.65 WorldView-2 2009 / 06 0.41 1.80 Pleiades 2011 / 07 0.50 1.00 Many satellite imagery platforms are designed to follow an orbit determined by the direction from north to the south of the Earth, which is conjunct to the Earths rotation (from the west to east of the Earth). This setting of satellites allows them to cover most of the Earths surface (The coverage is called swath) over a certain period of time. More details about the satellite orbit and swath are given in the following subsections [Asr89]: Satellite Orbit Orbit is the path followed by a satellite. Satellite orbits are determined according to the capability and objective of carried sensors. The selection of orbit is depending on altitude, orientation, and rotation of the satellite relative to the Earth. Geostationary satellites revolve at speeds are matching the rotation of the Earth at altitudes of approximately 36000 km as Figure (2.2-a) shows. This makes the satellites to observe and collect information continuously over the considered areas. The common types of such orbits are found in weather and communications satellites. Whereas, most of satellite imagery are set to be used the near polar orbits, which indicates that the satellite moves northward along one side of Earth and then toward the southern pole on the second half of its orbit as Figure (2.2-b) shows. This trajectory is called ascending and descending passes, which are clearly shown in Figure (2.2-c). Moreover, there are sun-synchronous satellite orbits that cover each a rea on the Earths surface at a constant local time of day called local sun time. The ascending pass of sun-synchronous satellite is almost covers the shadowed side of the Earth while the descending pass is covering the sunlit side. This motion credits same illumination conditions when imaging specific area in periodic seasons over successive years [Pan96]. Swath Swath is imaged area on the surface of the Earth when the satellite around revolves, as Figure (2.3) shows. Swath covers an area is varying between tens and hundreds of kilometers wide. When the satellite rotates about the Earth from pole to pole, it seems to be shifted westward due to the rotation of the Earth (from west to east). This motion enables the satellite swath to cover a new area at each successive pass. The satellites orbit and Earths rotation work together to make complete coverage of the Earths surface when completing one orbital cycle. In near polar orbits, areas at high latitudes will be imaged more frequently than that ling at equatorial zone, this is due to the overlapping occurred in adjacent swaths when the orbit paths come closer together near the poles [Cam02]. If the satellites orbit start with any randomly selected pass, then the orbit cycle will be completed at the time when the satellite retraces its path, this is happen when the same point on the Earths surface become directly below the satellite (such point is called the nadir point) for a second time. The exact time period of the orbital cycle will vary at each satellite. Such that, the time interval required for the satellite to complete its orbital cycle is not the same as the revisit period [Sab97]. Satellite Image Scanning The satellite scanning produces digital images using detectors to measure the brightness of reflected electromagnetic energy. The scanner employs a detector with a narrow field of view which sweeps across the terrain, the parallel scan lines are combined together to produce an image as Figure (2.4) shows [Add10]. The most widely type used scanners is across-track (such as a Whiskbroom used in Quick Bird satellite), which uses rotating mirrors to scan the Earths surface from side to side perpendicular to the direction of the sensor platform. The function of rotating mirrors is redirecting the reflected light to be focused at the sensor detector(s). In such case, the moving mirrors create spatial distortions that can be corrected by processing the received data before delivering the image data into the user. The most significant advantage of whiskbroom scanner is the fewer sensor detectors that keeping data calibration. Another type of scanner is the along-track scanner (such as the pu sh broom scanner used in Spot satellite) that does not use rotating mirrors, it uses a sensor detectors are arranged in a rows called a linear array. Instead of scanning from side to side as the sensor system moves forward, the one dimensional sensor array captures the scanned line at once. Furthermore, some recent scanners are step stare based scanners, they contain two-dimensional arrays in rows and columns for each band. It is important to mention that the push broom scanner is smaller, lighter, and less complex due to fewer moving parts than whiskbroom scanner. Also push broom scanner gives better radiometric and spatial resolution. A major disadvantage of push broom scanner is the calibration that required due to a large number of detectors found in the sensor system [Bui93]. A multi-spectral scanner is a space borne remote sensing system that simultaneously acquires images of the same scene at different wavelengths. The sensors of a multi-spectral scanner are normally working in specific parts of the spectral range from 0.35ÃŽ ¼m up to 14ÃŽ ¼m. These specific parts of the spectrum in which remote sensing observation are made, are called bands or channels. The number of bands or channels varies largely from system to another [Add10]. Two important advantages of multi-spectral scanning are [Lil04]: Objects at the surface of the earth have varying reflection behavior through the optical spectrum; they can be recognized and/or identified more easily using several spectral bands than using just one band. A large number of objects do not reflect radiation very well in the visible part of the spectrum. Remote sensing observations outside the visible wavelengths or in combination with observations in the visible spectrum produce a much more contrasting image, which is helpful to identify objects or to determine their condition. Satellite Image Resolution Image resolution is the capability of sensor to observe the smallest object clearly with distinct boundaries. Resolution is often referred to count pixels in digital image. Usually, the pixel resolution is described by set of two positive integer numbers, where the first number is the width of the image (i.e. number of pixel columns) and the second is the height of the image (i.e. number of pixel rows). Whereas, the cite resolution is the total count of pixels in the image, which typically given in megapixels, and can be calculated by multiplying width by height of the image and then dividing by one million as Figure (2.5) shows [Zho10]. In satellite imagery, ground resolution indicates the Ground Sample Distance (GSD) that refers to the size of ground area covered by one pixel. For an image of 0.6m ground resolution, each pixel records an average reflected color of area 0.6m by 0.6m. The fewer meter per pixel, the higher the resolution of the image. The particular ground resolution is an important parameter when taking vertical aerial images. Satellites of various ground resolutions are listed in Table (2.2) [ERD13]. In addition to GSD, there are four types of resolution when discussing satellite imagery, they are: spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal. More details about each one are given in the following subsections [Ren99]: Table (2.2) Most interest satellite features [ERD13] Feature QuickBird Landsat -7 GeoEye -1 IKONOS WorldView -2 Pleiades GSD 0.61m 15m 0.41m 1m 0.5m 0.5m Swath width 16.5 km 185km 15km 13km 16.4km 20km Multispectral Yes yes yes yes yes yes Revisit time 3-4 days 16 days 2-3 days 1-3 days 2-3 days 2-3 days Spatial Resolution The discrimination of image details is depending on the spatial resolution of the sensor, which refers to the ability of detecting the smallest possible feature in the image. Spatial resolution of sensors depends primarily on their Instantaneous Field of View (IFOV).The IFOV is related to the angular cone of visibility of the sensor that determines the ground are seen from a given altitude at one particular moment in time. The size of the viewed area is determined by multiplying the IFOV by the distance from the sensor to ground. This ground area is called the cell resolution and determines the maximum spatial resolution of the sensor [Sab97]. Spectral Resolution Many remote sensing systems use several separate wavelength ranges at various spectral resolutions when imaging the ground areas. These are referred to as multi-spectral sensors. Advanced multi-spectral sensors called hyperspectral sensors, which detect hundreds of very narrow spectral bands in the visible, near-infrared and mid-infrared portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The use of spectral resolution improve the informatic store of specific ground area since there are very high spectral resolution facilitates leads to fine discrimination between different targets based on their spectral response when using each narrow bands [Lil04]. Radiometric Resolution The radiometric characteristics describe the actual information of image contents. Radiometric resolution is the sensitivity of the sensor to the magnitude of the electromagnetic energy that describes its ability to discriminate little differences in the energy. The finer radiometric resolution of sensors the more sensitive for detecting small differences in reflected or emitted energy [Bui93]. Digitally, radiometric resolution is the number of bits comprising each pixel in the image, which indicates the brightness level of current pixel. Brightness levels are digitally represented by a positive numbers varies from 0 to a selected power of 2. The available maximum brightness level depends on the number of bits used to represent the recorded energy. Thus, if the sensor uses 8bits for data recording, then there are 28=256 digital values are available within the range from 0 to 255 [San04]. Temporal Resolution Temporal resolution is related to the revisit period of a satellite sensor. The temporal resolution is the period of a remote sensing system that images the same area appeared at the same viewing angle for second time. The actual temporal resolution is typically measured by days, it depends on three factors: satellite capabilities, swath overlapping, and latitude. The ability of image collection in same area at different periods is an important element for applying remote sensing data. Spectral characteristics of given areas may change over the time and these changes can be detected by collecting and comparing multi-temporal images. When imaging on a continuing basis at different times, change on the Earth surface whether they are naturally occurring or induced by humans can be monitored [Lev99]. Fractal Theory In the 1970s, Benoit B. Mandelbrot introduced his discovery as a new field of mathematics named as fractal geometry (from Latin fractus, i.e. irregular fragmented). He claimed that the fractal geometry would provide a useful tool to explain a variety of naturally occurring phenomena [Man83]. A fundamental characteristic of fractal objects is that their measured metric properties such as length or area are a function of the scale of measurement [Sun06]. Mandelbrots fractal geometry is the best approximation and the most widely used successful mathematical model [Man88]. Fractal objects can be found everywhere in nature such as coastlines, fern trees, snowflakes, clouds and mountains. Self-similarity is one of the most important properties of fractals, invariant scale, and non-integer dimension [Man83]. Fractal geometry is not concerned with the explicit shape of objects. Instead, fractal geometry identifies the value that quantifies the shape of the objects surface by the fractal dimension DF. For example, a line is commonly thought of as 1D object, a plane as a 2D object, and a prism as a 3D object. All these dimensions have integer values. However, the surfaces of many natural objects cannot be described with an integer value, such objects are said to have a fractional dimension. According to Mandelbrot, the fractal can be defined as â€Å"A rough or fragmented geometric shape that can be subdivided in parts, each is (at least approximately) a reduced size copy of the whole†. In term of Mathematics, fractal can be defined as â€Å"A set of points whose fractal dimension exceeds its topological dimension† [Man83]. Fractal geometry uses the fractal features to describe the irregular or fragmented shapes of natural features as well as other complex objects that the tra ditional Euclidean geometry fails to analyze [Ana11].

global information :: essays research papers

The global information society has transformed the way we do business. One of the most widespread changes is the use of the Internet to develop more efficient communications between suppliers and users of goods and services. This process is called intermediation. In this module we will look at how new Internet-based technologies have revolutionized business communications. First we will define intermediation. Then we will examine how technology has affected business communications. Finally, we will look at some of the online technologies that are helping businesses communicate better, faster and more cost-effectively. e-Commerce: A Guide to How Technology has Affected Business as We Know It Today! Glossary: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Transaction processing--Completing a transaction online—such as when a consumer uses a shopping cart to make online purchases. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. e-Procurement--All purchasing activities plus all of the monitoring of all elements of purchase transactions 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3. Procurement--The purchase of goods for resale 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4. Snail mail--mail sent and received via the US Postal Service 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5. B2B (Business to Business)—the activities conducted online between two businesses 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6. Shopping cart—an electronic tool used by online consumers to purchase goods and services 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7. Fulfillment company—offers services to other companies such as transaction processing, providing security, etc. 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  8. HR (Human Resources): the division of a company which hires employees and takes care of all employee-related matters. 9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9. EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) — when one business transfers computer-readable data into an agreed-upon format to another business. 10.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10. ISP (Internet Service Provider)—a business that provides access to the Internet via modem, DSL, or TI. They also provide other services such as e-mail, web hosting, and web design. 11.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  11. Logistics— †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Consumer—Browsing for information from multiple sites for comparison shopping purposes †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Business—Delivery and warehousing activities that will provide the right goods in the right quantities in the right place at the right time. 12.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  12. GPS—Global Positioning System—an access mechanism which allows the tracking of vehicle location through satellite 13.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  13. Web auction—a site which provides a forum for buyers and sellers to trade items. An auction site normally charges both buyers and sellers; many web auctions sell advertising on its pages 14.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  14. Intranet—a web-based private network that hosts Internet applications on a local area network; used for security purposes E-Commerce: Changing Face of Business At the dawn of the new millennium, if we look back at the last century, we will realize the changes the world has seen. And even the changes are becoming rapid. The main reason of changes is technological innovation. The ever-changing technology has affected business as well like it has affected all other walks of life.

Week Dqs

More specifically a leader can Influence employee motivation, development of employees' knowledge and skills, shared beliefs and values, organizational structure, programs, systems, and the placement and use of resources to meet objectives (Yuk, 2010). An organizations success hinders on the managers, and how they interact with the employees. If a leader/manager cannot motivate the employees to achieve the goals set out then that means that the organization as a whole is not meeting the goals. I have worked for organizations where the managers did not have the skills to lead and it showed through the stores performance.But yet when I transferred to a different store, the managers there were more focused, had wonderful leadership skills, and outstanding communication skills and the store was #1 in the district for sales, production, and overhead reduction. Not only had that but the store had the lowest turnover rate in the trig-state area. I contribute this to the management staff and their Influence over their employees. Reference: Yuk, G. A. (2010). Leadership In organizations (7th deed. ). Upper saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. 2. What Is a significant employee behavior Issue managers confront?According to organizational behavior theories, how should It be addressed? Organizations strive to promote positive, healthy working environment for their employees and customers. However, managers are confronted with behaviors in which this concept can be extremely challenging. Behaviors that do not follow organizational policy or norms can be Identified as deviant workplace behaviors (Robbins ; Judge. 2011 Examples of deviant workplace behaviors are such: swearing, pushing chairs, yelling, or even physical aggression. Behaviors such as this can destroy team cohesion, productivity, or financial wellbeing of an organization.According to organizational behavior theories, noxious conduct such as deviant workplace behavior must be addressed. The manager is not only responsible for confronting these behaviors but is also charged with investigating the source of the discontent (Robbins ; Judge, 2011). Managers need to be cognizant of employee stress levels, intervene appropriately, and enforce a zero-tolerance for lateral violence (Stack, 2003). Battling deviant workplace behaviors Is daring for even the best manager to tackle. However, managers will need to evaluate employee workloads and ensure duties are assigned 1 OFF managers must intervene at once.Not investigating the origin cause for the poor actions will not bring resolution that is needed. Mangers can also encourage vacations, De-stressing classes, as well as encouraging employees to seek employee assistance programs (Stack, 2003). References Robbins, S. P. , ; Judge, T. A. (2011). Organizational behavior (14th deed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Stack, L. (2003, October). Employees Behaving Badly-How managers can recognize and combat employee â€Å"desk rage†. HER Magazine, 48(10), 111-116. 1 . What is the difference between managers and leaders?Is it possible to be an effective manager but not an effective leader? Provide examples. Managers want to get things done and have their subordinates perform better, compared to leaders who want to know what things mean to others, and how to get their followers to agree about what the most important things are that need to be done (Yuk,2010). I do believe that it is possible to be an effective manager while not being an effective leader. For example a person can be great at delegating what tasks need to be done, and assigning those tasks to operate efficiently.But when it comes to a manager actually having the proper communication skills necessary to be an effective leader they can be lacking. With my first management position I was more concerned about getting everything done and getting it done quick to try and impress my bosses at district that I never really took the time to get my employe es input about the tasks. I later found out that this was a big mistake, if I had taken the time and put in the extra effort to listen, and ask for their opinions I would have known that it would have been easier to do the tasks in a different order.A few of my employees had been employed at the store for almost 10 years, so they knew the shortcuts to get the store re-sets done easier and quicker. I think that to be a truly great manager you also have to be a leader. But it is possible to be an effective manager but not an effective leader, you Just won't be a great one. Reference Yuk, G. (2010). Leadership in organizations (7th deed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. 2. According to Robbins and Judge (201 1), a leader must acknowledge three primary roles as a manager.What are these management roles, and how do they affect the purpose, positions, and skills required by management? Provide an example from a current or past work experience that conveys these management rol es. Reference: Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. According to Robbins and Judge (201 1), a leader must acknowledge three primary current or past work experience that conveys these management roles. * Interpersonal roles * Informational * Decisional roles The purpose of the interpersonal role is to act as a figurehead, leader, and liaison (p. ); one that others look-up to for a sense of accomplishment or guidance as well as a networking relationship, all of which build trust. The interpersonal role will put management in the forefront of the organization and community. Skills required will include the ability to clearly communicate to others as well as effectively direct and dead subordinates. The informational role as described by Robbins & Judge (2011) carries out three objectives; to collect and distribute market information; to represent the organization.The purpose of this role is to realize customer trends and send that information back to those who can make the changes need ed to remain competitive. Again, management will need to network effectively with others to better understand changing market trends. The skills will require management to understand what tools will be needed that would deliver the best source of information. The decisional role consists of four elements; the entrepreneur role; the assistance handler; the resource locator; and the negotiator (p. 7).The entrepreneur role will allow management to use the market information that he or she has gathered to better align the organization to remain competitive. The disturbance handler puts management at the forefront of critical issues that may hinder performance. The resource locator will require management to understand what sources will be needed, including human capital, to accomplish the organization's goals. The negotiator role will require management to pull all of these resources together and to collaborate a way to be successful.

buy custom Effects of Childhood Bullying essay

buy custom Effects of Childhood Bullying essay Childhood bullying has significant influence on the development of kids. Some of the effects associated with childhood bullying are immediately revealed while others are shown in the long term. In most cases, the developing child finds it hard to cope with the bullying effects in the daily activities. It affects the way children build their relationships with other peers as well as with other people that are younger or older than they are. Therefore, it is necessary to stop any bullying activities on kids as they bring about poor child development and in some cases, it can lead to death. Many kids encounter the bullying problem, in spite of their personal value or background. All kids are vulnerable to bullying by their parents, peers, teachers and all that are in their developing environment. Being enlightened on how bullying affects the development of kids is an essential step, which promotes effective responses to curbing the issue. Bullying builds problems for kids while at home, at playgrounds, and at school. This research includes discussion of the effects of childhood bullying on the development of kids (Levine Munsch, 2010). Childhood Bullying Concept For better understanding of childhood bullying effects, it is necessary to understand its concept. Some childhood bullying activities are never considered as bullying, but the fact is they do affect kids development. Childhood bullying involves aggressive actions persistently and frequently committed to kids due to their less powerful nature. Childhood bullying can be categorized in different ways, which include verbal, gestural, physical and rational bullying. Verbal bullying involves the use of direct verbal insults, calling of names and use of unfair criticism to kids. At the same time, verbal abuse can be indirect upon influencing another individual to criticize a child. In some cases, malicious rumors can be spread against kids, which are also a form of indirect verbal bullying. The form of gesture bullying happens when they are threatened, or through the use of obscene gesture by others. Intentional turning away from kids or averting from gaze is also gesture bullying. Physical bullying involves actions such as striking, use of weapons, indirect hiding of kids belongings, and assaulting kids in front of other people. Rational bullying involves creation of groups of people against child. It can also be indirect upon persuading a group to exclude kids in their activities. Bullying activities have gone far beyond moral frames, when kids are harassed sexually. Sexual bullying of kids falls in the four categories of bullying. On physical means, kids may be enticed or be forced to have sex with people that have physical power over them. It also involves touching of their genitalia. It can also be verbal by, when a person uses unwanted comments to kids which have some sexual relationship, either on a written form or spoken. Gesture sexual bullying, happens when there is the use of offensive gestures such as fingers, or throwing suspicious kisses to kids. Sexual bullying is very sensitive. Kids caregivers, parents and teachers should work together to avoid any signs of its existence. Parents should have the courage to discuss it with their children. Therefore, childhood bullying is considered as a deliberate exercise where kids are viewed as potential victims due to their vulnerable nature and weaknesses. It is intended to exert pressure, to hurt or else un dermine and put down kids. Psychological Effects of Bullying Childhood bullying affects the development of kids psychology. Victimized kids show psychological problems, predominantly in relation to depression and the nervous breakdown. Eating disorders are believed to have some roots in the psychological effects of bullying, which normally happens during the time that kids are being bullied or after that. Psychosomatic issues also develop through bullying and affect both sexes (Rigby, 2003). They include body complaints which are not related to any physical cause. For instance, consistent headaches and stomachaches appear as soon as the school day begins. When the kids are allowed not to attend their school, they normally spend the remaining part of the day without much problem or sickness signs. Once kids start experiencing such behaviors, it is necessary to find out whether there are bullying activities happening in school. Sleeping Problems Associated with Childhood Bullying Good sleep is necessary to the growth and development of kids. Bullied kids show different types of sleep disorders. These kids find difficultie when falling asleep and in many cases stay a long time awake. They also have difficulties with staying asleep, and they would rather play games, or just sit on the bed instead of sleeping. Nightmares are very common to the children who are bullied. Some of them do not experience problems to fall asleep, but they normally experience nightmares compared to their counterpart, non-victimized kids. The nightmares are vivid and sometimes menacing on the activities, which have connections to bullying or not. Victimized kids develop fear when they fall asleep, and they would rather sleep while clinging to someone else. They always like to have the lights on, in fear that something terrible might occur to them in darkness. Bed-wetting is very common to bullied kids, an aspect that lowers their self-esteem. Suicidal and Social Effects of Childhood Bullying Research has showed that suicidal rates are higher among the bullied kids compared to their counterparts. Regarding that, the victimized kids think more about committing suicide than their peers do. This effect is highly sensitive as some kids do attempt committing suicide and others die in the process. Victimized kids find themselves in social status, which is different and lower than others are. In a way, social exclusion increases the chances of victimizing kids, but peer rejection increases when kids are bullied. In return, kids live in loneliness while others feel abandoned. These kids are also very quiet and they are very peaceful when left alone. Kids develop low self-esteem, and they fail to do activities that are easily done by their peerS due to the lack of courage. They normally think that they are inferior (Pressley McCormick, 2007). Schooling Problems Effects of Childhood Bullying Bullied kids have a tendency of experiencing problems on their academic achievements. Frequent absenteeism is very common to the bullied kids. As stated earlier, many kids report cases of headaches and stomachaches, which lead to school absenteeism. When children are bullied by teachers or other schoolmates, they would rather stay at home where they find love. The victimized kids tend to avoid some parts in school, where they are likely to interact with others, such as rest rooms. Playing is very important for child development. However, bullied kids tend to hide themselves when others go to play, or others fail to include them in their games. They miss a very important aspect of life because playing does not only promote physical well-being but also relaxation of mind. These kids are always scared and have a lot of doubt about what would happen to them. All these issues experienced by these kids make the learning process difficult for them and create a lot of inconveniences. Poor pe rformance attained by these kids due to the underlying factors, increases bullying actions by their peers, teachers or caregivers. Therefore, it is believed that many school dropouts were at one point bullied in their school life. All kids irrespective of their social backgrounds have rights to experience safety and feel the sense about security while at school. Physical Effects of Childhood Bullying Bullying effects are associated more with psychological consequences rather than with physical effects. This leads to physical symptoms associated with bullying being ignored. It is clear that physical symptoms of the childhood bullying, interfere with everyday life enjoyment of kids. In relation to this, aggressive behaviors displayed to kids for a long period, often result in the sturdy advancement of physical disorders. Bowel syndrome with irritable nature, urgency need for kids to visit bathroom has more relationship to stress by the bullied kids. Other physical developments happen without the kid being directly involved, but the display of these physical symptoms affects kids development. Loss of hair is a physical consequence, which is experienced by the victimized kids. Different forms of mutilation occur especially when children are driven to self-harm as a way of responding to bullying. Effects of childhood bullying whether physical or psychological tend to take charge, in almost all areas in the development and kids experience. The effects are highly debilitating in all the aspects of life. These children find it hard to meet their potential in different parts of life. They often believe that they have no potential while others feel that their potential was long ago destrooyed. It is clear that children respond to the bullying effects differently, thus understanding all the effects involved is very important. The children, who engage themselves in bullying activities, suffer some consequences in their development. Deprived psychological behavior attained after a long time of exhibited abusive actions, worsens when the bullying goes undeterred. These children also face high chances of the development of delinquent behaviors, whereas some have found themselves in jails or receiving juvenile detention. Children who are bullied possess some physical or emotional weakne ss. Intense childhood bullying reduces the well-being of kids due to anxiety, life uncertainty and depression. Recommendations Since childhood bullying affects the development of kids. It is necessary to stop it once it is realized. When dealing with the bullying effects on the victimized kid, it is also necessary to develop ways, which would help the perpetrators involved in it. This will not only reduce the bullying effects to the children, but it will also promote development. It is crucial to recognize the potential damages, which develop as a result of both psychological and physical. Childhood bullying has been in many cases considered to be a natural phenomenon, an aspect that needs to be changed in peoples mind. It is believed that in a way it forms kids character, but the research shows that it does more harm than good. Therefore, there is a need to educate all parties involved in kids environment. It is also important to deal with bullying incidents upon realizing them. It is also recommended for the society to change its perception and attitude towards bullying. Aggressive behaviors stand little chances to reduce if the society fails to address childhood bullying. Adults and children possess unequal powers in the daily life and in adult-child relationship. Therefore, it is important for all child caregivers, either in school or at home, to always bear that concept in mind. The control exerted to children as a way of discipline, has in many ways turned to childhood bullying (Levine Munsch, 2010). Creation of anti-bullying policy to children is necessary to completely stop bullying activities. It is also a method of encouraging children to report bullying behaviors openly and without fear. Therefore, kids are also likely to believe that those in authority have powers to protect them. Since some bullying behaviors emanate from children, it is important to teach kids the acceptable behaviors. Supervising kids who are aggressive is an important way to prevent bullying among children. Children portray bullying characteristics at the tender age. Thus, it is important to provide them with additional resources. This will reduce the risk of involving themselves in bullying activities, which are likely to affect their development. Discouraging childhood bullying behaviors is necessary in all learning institutions. For that reason, teachers should be keen to recognize bullying activities and stop them. Conclusion In conclusion, childhood bullying affects the kids development, an aspect that cannot be ignored. Development of low self-esteem is very common to the victims, whether the bullying actions and effects are unaddressed or when the curbing ways fail. During kids development, they believe in the bad comments addressed to them as part of their lives. In some instances, they end up behaving in relation to the comments made. The bullies take this as an advantage where they become motivated to continue their abusive behaviors (Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Education and Skills Committee, 2007). These kids develop low confidence during the time of bully or the entire childs life. Bullying promotes hopelessness and worthlessness especially when kids tend the actions supposed to curb the bullying behavior as futile. It is important to recognize that behaviors, which lead to childhood bullying, are not obvious as expected. Most of the bullying actions take place in the absence of adults and most victimized kids fail to report the incidences due to the reprisal fear. It is wrong to perceive some teasing activities, which involve intimidation, as just mere teasing. When intimidation takes place, distress is likely to affect kids, which tamper with kids development, and it should be considered as childhood bullying. Childhood bullying has more to do with insensitivity to kids feelings. It also promotes aggression behaviors to anybody irrespective of the authority or position. Unfortunately, childhood bullying has been in many cases thought as a positive quality to discipline kids. Buy custom Effects of Childhood Bullying essay

Definition of Idiographic and Nomothetic

Definition of Idiographic and Nomothetic Idiographic and nomothetic methods represent two different approaches to understanding social life. An idiographic method focuses on individual cases or events. Ethnographers, for example, observe the minute details of everyday life to construct an overall portrait of a specific group of people or community. A nomothetic method, on the other hand, seeks to produce general statements that account for larger social patterns, which form the context of single events, individual behaviors, and experience. Sociologists who practice nomothetic research are likely to work with large survey data sets or other forms of statistical data, and to conduct quantitative statistical analysis as their method of study. Key Takeaways: Idiographic and Nomothetic Research The nomothetic approach involves trying to make generalizations about the world and understand large-scale social patterns.The idiographic approach involves trying to uncover a great deal of detailed information about a narrower subject of study.Sociologists can combine both idiographic and nomothetic approaches in order to develop a more comprehensive understanding of society. Historical Background Nineteenth century German philosopher Wilhelm Windelband, a neo-Kantian, introduced these terms and defined their distinctions.  Windelband used nomothetic to describe an approach to producing knowledge that seeks to make large-scale generalizations. This approach is common in the natural sciences, and is considered by many to be the true paradigm and goal of the scientific approach. With a nomothetic approach, one conducts careful and systemic observation and experimentation in order to derive results that can be applied more broadly outside the realm of study. We might think of them as scientific laws, or general truths that have come from social science research. In fact, we can see this approach present in the work of early German sociologist Max Weber, who wrote about the processes of creating ideal types and concepts meant to serve as general rules. On the other hand, an idiographic approach is one that is specifically focused on a particular case, place, or phenomenon. This approach is designed to derive meanings particular to the research target, and it is not necessarily designed for extrapolating generalizations. Application in Sociology Sociology is a discipline that bridges and combines these two approaches, which is akin to  the disciplines important micro/macro distinction. Sociologists study the relationships between people and society, both at the micro and macro level. People and their everyday interactions and experiences make up the micro. The macro consists of the larger patterns, trends, and social structures that make up society. In this sense, the idiographic approach often focuses on the micro, while the nomothetic approach is used to understand the macro. Methodologically speaking, this means that these two different approaches to conducting social science research also often fall along the qualitative/quantitative divide. One would typically use qualitative methods like ethnographic research, participant observation, interviews, and focus groups to conduct idiographic research. Quantitative methods such as large-scale surveys and statistical analysis of demographic or historical data would be used to conduct nomothetic research. However, many sociologists believe that the best research will combine both nomothetic and idiographic approaches, as well as both quantitative and qualitative research methods. Doing so is effective because it allows for a deep understanding of how large-scale social forces, trends, and problems influence the everyday lives of individual people. For example, if one wanted to develop a robust understanding of the many and varied effects of racism  on Black people, one would be wise to take a nomothetic approach to studying the prevalence of police killings and the health impacts of structural inequalities, among other things that can be quantified and measured in large number. But one would also be wise to conduct ethnography and interviews to understand the experiential realities and effects of living in a racist society, from the standpoint of those who experience it. Similarly, if one were conducting a sociological study of gender bias, one could combine both nomothetic and idiographic approaches. A nomothetic approach could include gathering statistics, such as the number of women in political office or data on the gender pay gap. However, researchers would be wise to also talk to women (for example, through interviews or focus groups) about their own experiences with sexism and discrimination. In other words, by combining statistics with information about the lived experiences of individuals, sociologists can develop a more comprehensive understanding of topics such as racism and sexism. Updated  by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

Parallel Imaging. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Parallel Imaging Assignment

Parallel Imaging. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Parallel Imaging - Assignment Example Parallel imaging techniques were not commercially available until recently. They are on the verge of being explored in clinical applications. As has been widely cited, fundamentally, their potential clinical application involves either reduction in the acquisition time or improvement in spatial resolution. Improvements in the quality of images can be realized by reducing the single-shot spin echo sequences, and the fast spin-echo’s train length. Recent studies have hinted that parallel imaging is quite attractive for both vascular and cardiac application and proves more valuable as a 3-T body. Recent studies have shown that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be devoted for establishing means of increasing the acquisition speed. It is worth noting, therefore, that impressive gains have been realized in an effort to make MRI more effective in its application. This paper seeks to provide an overview of fundamental parallel imaging concepts while illustrating on potential clinic al applications. In this paper, merits, demerits of parallel imaging, as well as the comparison between SENSE and GRAPPA as parallel imaging technique would be emphasized. ... Moreover, it has an advantage of not being able to alter the contrast behavior of the imaging sequence underneath (Boesiger, 2002). Described as one with the ability to decrease the time required to perform the image sequence, it causes an increase in the resolution provided there is a specific time measured or be able to perform the two (Boesiger, 2002). For instance in cases where a patient experiences acquisition time exceeding his/her breath-hold capacity, The Parallel imaging can help in addressing this issue through reducing the patient acquisition time by factor 2 or even greater Figure 01. (Glockner et al. 2004) Figure 01.  The  Improved visualization of segmental renal arteries in SENSE IMAGES. IN case, the patient was initially short in breath with difficulty in suspending the respiration for a standard acquisition time. The use of Parallel imaging helped reduce acquisition time from 19s to 10 seconds (Glocker et al, 2004). For the Parallel images that are used in spira l scanning and EPI, they have a faster redouts, which often help to reduce the phase error that often result from BO motion or inhomogenity (Griswold, Jakob, 2002). Through this it help mitigate the T2* decay effect. In this case, motion effects, as well as T2 decay can be reduced and can be reduced when RF echo trains apply. Within the image product, such an advantage can lead to reduced susceptibility, motion artifact, as well as in mitigating of the T2/T2* blurring (Hahn eta l. 2003). In this case, Parallel imaging helps in reducing motion artifact, alongside diminishing the venous contamination, in particular for regions in which there happens to be rapid venous return. For instance, in carotid and renal arteries (figure 02) (Glockner et al. 2004) Figure

Alzheimer's disease relate to aging Research Paper

Alzheimer's disease relate to aging - Research Paper Example This document examines the prevalence of Alzheimer’s among the elderly persons and the resources available in Marshall County for helping the victims of the condition. As persons advance in age, the body undergoes various changes in their brains and results to dementias (UCSF Memory and Aging Center, 2014). For example, the brain shrinks that occur in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. The shrinking of the brain interferes with memory, learning, planning, etc. The changes in neurons and neurotransmitters can degrade the white matter and result to reduction in communication (UCSF Memory and Aging Center, 2014). In some instances, plagues and tangles structures develops outside and inside of the neurons respectively thus causing the brain cells to stop working and eventually die thus causing failure of memory, change in characters and complications with carry out day to day activities (Swaab et al., 2011). Also, changes in blood vessels occur with age, resulting to reduced blood flow due to narrowing of the arteries and less growth of new capillaries. With age, there is an increase in brain inflammation and increase in damages caused by free rad icals that interfere with normal functioning of the brain (Swaab et al., 2011). The changes in brain that occurs with age are the most likely cause of Alzheimer’s among the elderly persons. The most notable change in brain with age is atrophy or the shrinking of some parts of the brain, the secretion on wobbly molecules known as free radicals, the brain inflammation and dysfunction of the mitochondrial resulting to collapse of generation of energy within the cells (Swaab et al., 2011). Various studies have established that five percent of persons with Alzheimer’s occur due to inherited factors from the parents. An example is the familial Alzheimer’s disorder caused by alterations occurring in one of the inheritable genes in human